Topical pain relievers can be a helpful part of managing discomfort caused by inflammation, especially when systemic treatments aren’t tolerated or additional support is needed. Dr. Marra often recommends the following trusted products for localized relief:
🌼 Arnica Montana 6X (Homeopathic)
A natural remedy known for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Often used to relieve:
Bruising
Muscle soreness
Joint pain
💨 Bengay Pain Relieving Cream
Recommended especially for MCAS (Mast Cell Activation Syndrome) due to its menthol and methyl salicylate content. It may help:
Reduce localized inflammation
Relieve muscle and joint stiffness
Improve circulation in the affected area
🐍 Cobroxin
A homeopathic formula derived from cobra venom peptides, known to support:
Moderate to severe chronic pain
Neuropathic discomfort
Anti-inflammatory activity without narcotics
❄️ Uncle Herb’s Icy Pot Medicated Salve
A natural salve that combines cooling herbs and essential oils. Ideal for:
A yeast infection (Candidiasis) is a fungal infection often caused by Candida albicans. Various reasons that fungal infections occur include: excess sugar and carbohydrates in the diet, alcoholism, mold exposure, allergic constitution, improper replenishing of intestinal flora with probiotics (i.e., Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces) long term use of antibiotics, corticosteroid use, and autoimmune illness. Symptoms associated with a yeast infection are: gas, bloating, cramps, diarrhea alternating with constipation, abdominal pain, brain fog and cognitive difficulties, fatigue, strange rashes all over the body, circular vague rashes on the abdomen under the bra area, anal itching, red raised “beefy” and itchy rashes, odorous vaginal discharge, a thick white coating on the tongue (otherwise known as “thrush”), and toenail fungal infections. Yeast overgrowth is particularly relevant to children diagnosed with “Autism” where Lyme Disease has also been documented.
Yeast infections are frequently observed in conjunction with Lyme Disease as the result of improper antibiotic and probiotic use. Fungal infections complicate the symptom picture of chronic illness related to tick borne infections because there is significant symptom overlap and additional pathogen burden on the immune system.
However, yeast (fungal) infections can be avoided with proper nutrition and natural therapeutic supplementation. Pharmaceutical intervention may be required (antifungal medications) at times to prevent a full blown yeast infection but dietary modification is the MOST important factor to avoid chronic yeast infections.
(Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated with Streptococcal Infections)
PANDAS is a term used to describe pediatric patients who exhibit a myriad of movement and psychiatric symptoms related to the exposure to strep infection. Interestingly, these patients symptoms often become worse at times during the school year when strep infection in the classroom is rampant, often during the winter months.
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Symptoms of PANDAS include:
Sydenham Chorea movements
Motor Tics
Anxiety
Sensory Motor Deficits
Behavior Regression
Deteriorating School Performance
Depression
Emotional Lability
Urinary Symptoms
Sleep Disturbances
ADHD
Impulsivity
Restlessness
Separation Fears
Night Terrors
Hypervigilance
Eating Disorders
OCD
Patients with PANDAS often exhibit anti-neuronal antibodies suggesting an autoimmune component to the condition.
Dr. Charles Ray Jones, a world leading Lyme Disease pediatrician and Dr. Marra’s mentor, was the first to recognize that these PANDAS patients’ symptoms became much worse if they were exposed to Lyme Disease and coinfections. In fact, Dr. Jones realized that when you treat the Lyme Disease infection, more often than not, the OCD behavior and motor tics would dissipate. In his practice, he routinely checked for strep antibodies and found them to be present in many of his patients.
If the strep infection is severe, patients may need IVIG (immunoglobulin therapy), however, this is very expensive and insurance companies are hesitant to cover it. Nonetheless, when these infections are adequately treated with antibiotics, and the immune system is restored through immunotherapies and probiotics, these children often resume healthy, active lives.
Dr. Marra has been treating PANDAS associated with tick-borne pathogens for more than 18 years with great success.
Understanding MCAS (Mast Cell Activation Syndrome): A Comprehensive Guide
In this article, I’ll explain what MCAS (Mast Cell Activation Syndrome) is, how it presents itself, common triggers, how it’s diagnosed, and what steps you can take to manage it. Understanding this complex condition is the first step toward finding relief.
As someone who has worked with countless patients struggling with unexplained symptoms, I know how confusing and overwhelming it can be to find answers. One condition that often goes undiagnosed is MCAS (Mast Cell Activation Syndrome). If you’re experiencing symptoms that seem to affect multiple systems in your body—ranging from skin reactions to gastrointestinal distress—MCAS might be the piece of the puzzle you’ve been searching for.
To learn more about my approach to diagnosing and treating MCAS, or to schedule a consultation, visit my website. Together, we can take the next step toward addressing your health concerns.
Caption: Medical Minutes with Dr. Marra; Episode 57: Amlexanox and MCAS
What is MCAS (Mast Cell Activation Syndrome)?
MCAS is a disorder where your mast cells, which are part of your immune system, release too many chemicals (like histamine, cytokines, and other inflammatory molecules) in response to things that normally wouldn’t cause a reaction. Mast cells are critical for fighting infections and healing injuries. However, when they become overactive—as they do in MCAS—they release these chemicals inappropriately, causing inflammation and a wide variety of symptoms throughout the body.
How Do Mast Cells Affect the Body?
Mast cells are often described as the “guardians” of our immune system. They help protect us from harmful pathogens and are involved in allergic responses. In people without MCAS, mast cells are activated only when necessary. However, in those with MCAS, these cells are triggered even when there’s no infection or allergic response, resulting in unnecessary inflammation and a cascade of symptoms.
Symptoms of MCAS (Mast Cell Activation Syndrome)
The symptoms of MCAS can vary greatly from person to person, which makes it difficult to diagnose. You may experience symptoms in one or more systems of your body. The most common signs I see in my practice include:
Skin Reactions: Itching, hives, and skin flushing are some of the most frequent symptoms. When mast cells release histamine, these types of skin reactions can occur.
Gastrointestinal Distress: Symptoms like nausea, diarrhea, bloating, or abdominal pain are common, as mast cells in the gut become activated, leading to digestive upset.
Respiratory Symptoms: Many patients experience asthma-like symptoms—such as wheezing, shortness of breath, or tightness in the chest—as mast cells in the respiratory tract react.
Cardiovascular Symptoms: Symptoms like dizziness, rapid heart rate, and low blood pressure can arise when mast cells trigger inflammatory chemicals in the cardiovascular system.
Neurological Symptoms: Brain fog, headaches, and mood changes such as anxiety or depression are also associated with MCAS, likely because of mast cell activity in the nervous system.
Common Triggers of MCAS (Mast Cell Activation Syndrome)
One of the most important aspects of managing MCAS is identifying and avoiding its triggers. I always encourage my patients to track their symptoms and note potential triggers. Some of the most common culprits include:
Environmental Triggers: Certain environmental factors, such as changes in temperature, exposure to mold, and even strong fragrances, can set off symptoms. I’ve seen many patients react to exposure to things like cleaning products or cigarette smoke.
Dietary Triggers: For many with MCAS, specific foods like fermented foods, alcohol, or high-histamine foods (such as aged cheese, processed meats, and vinegar) can aggravate symptoms. Keeping a food diary can help pinpoint these. Read more about how to maintain an anti-inflammatory diet.
Stress: Both emotional and physical stress can exacerbate symptoms. Stress management is crucial for those living with MCAS, and I always emphasize practices like deep breathing, yoga, or meditation to help reduce flare-ups.
Medications: Some medications can worsen MCAS symptoms, particularly preservatives or other compounds that may activate mast cells.
Diagnosing MCAS (Mast Cell Activation Syndrome)
MCAS can be challenging to diagnose because its symptoms overlap with so many other conditions. There’s no single test that can diagnose MCAS definitively, but the process typically includes:
Blood Tests: These can measure levels of mast cell mediators like tryptase, histamine, and other markers that indicate excessive mast cell activation.
Urine Tests: A 24-hour urine collection can measure histamine metabolites and other inflammatory substances.
Symptom Tracking: I always encourage patients to keep detailed records of their symptoms, triggers, and any changes in their health, as this is a key part of diagnosis.
How You Can Treat MCAS (Mast Cell Activation Syndrome)
There is currently no cure for MCAS, but with the right treatment plan, you can manage symptoms and improve your quality of life. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications, lifestyle changes, and trigger management. Here are some of the most effective strategies:
Antihistamines: Histamine is one of the primary chemicals released by mast cells. Antihistamines can help control symptoms like itching, hives, and swelling.
Mast Cell Stabilizers: These medications work to prevent mast cells from releasing their inflammatory chemicals in the first place, helping to reduce flare-ups.
Avoiding Triggers: By identifying what sets off your symptoms and taking steps to avoid those triggers—whether it’s a certain food, chemical, or environmental factor—you can significantly reduce the frequency and severity of symptoms.
Stress Management: Since stress is a significant trigger for many people with MCAS, I encourage all my patients to incorporate regular stress-relief practices into their routine, whether through mindfulness, yoga, or other relaxation techniques.
Supportive Therapies: In addition to traditional treatments, I’ve found that many patients benefit from integrative approaches like acupuncture, functional medicine, or dietary changes. These can support your immune system and help reduce inflammation.
Treating MCAS can be very tricky, requiring the use of several mast cell stabilizing medications and natural supplements. These can include any combination of the following and should be monitored by a physician:
Pharmaceutical Medications Natural Treatments
Zyrtec Hist DAO
Allegra Histaquel
Famotidine Histamine Balancer
Benadryl MC Balancer
Loratadine D-Hist
Ketotifen Bromelain
Zafirlukast Cannabinoids
Cromolyn Sodium Quercetin
Ranitidine Green Tea
Aspirin Celecoxib
Hydroxyurea Curcumin
NSAIDS vitamin C
LDN (low dose naltrexone) Luteolin
Benzodiazepines Resveratrol
Xolair Honokiol
Hydroxyzine Rutin
Doxepin Genistein
Periactin Isatis
Tagamet Red Light therapy
DMSO cream for itching and hives Hyperbaric Oxygen
IVIG regulates the immune system
Living with MCAS (Mast Cell Activation Syndrome)
While living with MCAS may feel daunting, I want you to know that you are not alone, and relief is possible. Here are a few practical tips to help you manage your condition:
Follow a Low-Histamine Diet: One of the most effective ways to control MCAS symptoms is to avoid foods that are high in histamine, such as aged cheeses, fermented foods, and alcohol. Learn more about how to follow a low-histamine diet now.
Incorporate Stress Management Techniques: Given the role stress plays in MCAS, I highly recommend finding ways to reduce stress, whether through daily relaxation exercises or other mindfulness practices.
Build a Support Network: Living with a chronic condition like MCAS can be isolating. It’s important to build a strong support system of friends, family, or online communities who understand what you’re going through.
Educate Yourself and Others: The more you understand your condition, the more empowered you’ll feel in managing it. Educating those around you—your family, friends, and even healthcare providers—can help ensure you receive the support you need.
Partnering with Dr. Susan Marra for MCAS Treatment
If you suspect that MCAS may be the underlying cause of your symptoms, I understand how frustrating it can be to navigate the complexities of this condition. The good news is that with an early diagnosis and personalized treatment plan, significant relief is possible. I’ve seen firsthand how effective a tailored approach to managing MCAS can be, helping my patients reduce symptoms, identify triggers, and restore balance in their lives.
If you’re ready to take the next step toward managing your MCAS symptoms and improving your quality of life, I encourage you to contact us. Together, we can explore your unique health history, develop a comprehensive treatment plan, and work toward healing. Please don’t hesitate to contact us or call 206-299-2676. I’m here to support you on your journey to feeling better and living well.
Disclaimer The information, including but not limited to, text, graphics, images and other material contained in these videos is for informational purposes only. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician before undertaking a new healthcare regimen, and never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have seen, read, or heard in these videos.
Most patients with neurological Lyme Disease and coinfections (i.e., MS, ALS, Parkinson’s Disease, Autism), have elevated levels of ammonia toxicity in the brain which is neurotoxic. This is due to the fact that the spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, produces urease enzymes, and ammonia accumulation results. Sometimes ammonia levels will be elevated in the blood, and many times they are also normal. This is because the ammonia concentration is localized in specific tissues (brain), where the concentration is not high enough to be detected in the blood. But that doesn’t mean that ammonia is not causing destruction. It is VERY neurotoxic and needs to be removed with herbal supplements and diet adjustments.
A diet rich in arginine (an amino acid), is linked to increased ammonia levels, and therefore should be avoided. Arginine is found in nuts, seeds, chicken, salmon, shrimp, dairy, oats, soybeans, and coconut. Removing these foods from the diet will help minimize the ammonia load on the body. Cellular and tissue detox strategies are necessary to remove excess ammonia from the body.
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If you would like to discuss ammonia toxicity further with Dr. Marra,
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a late 20th century buzz word used to convey a constellation of symptoms that patients’ experience, but it is a NOT formal diagnosis. Extreme exhaustion, poor stamina coupled with difficulty concentrating and poor memory render patients nearly completely disabled. Additionally, CFS may be accompanied by flu-like symptoms, joint and muscle aches, unrefreshing sleep, tender lymph nodes, sore throat and headache. This constellation of symptoms is similar to that which would be seen in many viral or bacterial infections such as walking pneumonia, strep throat, Borreliosis/ Lyme disease or even AIDS. Another distinct set of symptoms associated with CFS includes: post-exertional malaise, a worsening of symptoms following physical or mental exertion that occurs within 24-48 hours of the exertion, and requiring an extended recovery period. Neuroimmune and endocrine abnormalities are also frequently observed in CFS, and patients may require hormonal support including: thyroid, pregnenolone, DHEA, estrogen and/or progesterone and testosterone. Patients are generally unable to appropriately respond to stress and may require low doses of cortisol or the natural equivalent as well. Sleep disorders are also common in this patient population and may require natural sleep aids like melatonin or prescription sleep medication
The argument can be made that CFS is simply a set of symptoms particular to a patient that arises as the result of exposure to a specific pathogen(s). Proper identification of the infection causing the symptoms is the way in which patients can hope to find relief from this debilitating condition. We believe that proper diagnosis requires extensive blood and possibly stool testing. Additionally, when the infection is identified, extensive immune system support is necessary to help patient’s fight the infection(s), and also promotes inherent self-healing tendencies. Healing the immune system is JUST as important as identifying the pathogen then for recovery to occur. Also, various detoxification regimens may be required to cleanse the extracellular matrix of toxins and cellular debris. A holistic approach to pathogen identification as well as treatment seems to be the most efficacious way to return patients to a functional life and optimal health.
Additionally, elevated proinflammatory cytokines cause disruption in the production of several neurotransmitter systems that are required for basic brain function. Certain neurotransmitters that are characteristically low in Borreliosis/Lyme disease patients contribute significantly to excessive fatigue and mood disorders. Talk to your doctor about urine/saliva neurotransmitter testing and genetic testing through 23andme.com and geneticgenie.org.
One explanation for chronic fatigue involves mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction. Mitochondria are organelles within the cell that are responsible for generating ATP. ATP is the “power” molecule providing energy to cells, tissues, and organs. Mitochondrial damage may result from cellular hypoxia.
POTS (postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome) is a serious complication of chronic tick-borne diseases, and often renders patients bedridden for many months. POTS is generally found in more women than men suggesting a hormonal component to the etiology as well. Typical symptoms of POTS include:
Fatigue
Headache
Tremors
Syncope (fainting)
Dizziness
Poor ability to concentrate
Exercise Intolerance
Lightheaded
Heat intolerant
Shortness of breath
Cold Extremities
Low blood volume
Drop in blood pressure on standing
Elevated plasma norepinephrine
Mast Cell Activation Syndrome
These symptoms indicate dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system between the brain and the heart. Somehow and not yet fully understood, the heart and brain get out of synchronization causing the above symptoms. Chronic infection, toxin accumulation, inflammagens, etc…are likely the cause of this constellation of symptoms, and correcting the underlying adrenal issues is important. You can certainly heal from POTS symptoms, however, it may take some time to heal the autonomic nervous system. Please consult with Dr. Marra if you are concerned about this.
Morgellons disease is a complex and often misunderstood condition that I’ve been treating for over 20 years. It’s marked by painful skin lesions that may contain colored fibers, and despite the severity of the symptoms, it’s frequently misdiagnosed. As a Seattle-based Lyme disease doctor, I’ve seen how infections like Lyme disease, Babesia, and Bartonella often contribute to Morgellons symptoms. This article aims to provide clarity on Morgellons disease, its potential causes, and the treatment options that have proven effective for my patients. For more information about my practice and approach to healing, visit my website.
Caption: Medical Minutes with Dr Marra, Episode 21 Morgellons Disease
What Is Morgellons Disease?
Morgellons disease is a debilitating skin condition characterized by painful, deep skin lesions that often contain visible colored fibers. These fibers are typically made up of keratin and collagen, though we still don’t fully understand why they appear in the skin. In my practice, I’ve seen more than 14,000 families affected by this condition, and it’s clear that Morgellons are real — despite the fact that traditional medicine has been slow to recognize it.
Key Symptoms of Morgellons Disease
Painful Skin Lesions: Often ulcerated and difficult to heal.
Colored Fibers: Visible within the lesions, usually composed of keratin and collagen.
Itching and Crawling Sensations: Many patients experience a sensation of movement under the skin, which adds to the distress.
Misdiagnosis: Why Morgellons Disease Is Often Not Taken Seriously
One of the biggest challenges with Morgellons disease is that it’s frequently misdiagnosed. Traditional doctors may incorrectly label it as “delusional parasitosis,” a psychiatric disorder, which is simply not the case. I’ve seen firsthand how this misunderstanding can make patients feel dismissed or ignored, which only adds to their suffering. Morgellons disease is a physical condition with identifiable symptoms, not a mental health issue.
What Causes Morgellons Disease?
Through my extensive experience, I’ve found that many patients with Morgellons disease test positive for several infections, including:
These infections, coupled with certain genetic factors, appear to be key contributors to the development of the painful skin lesions seen in Morgellons disease. However, the exact cause of Morgellons remains a mystery, and more research is needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms.
Current Research on Morgellons Disease
There is a Morgellons Research Foundation, led by Cindy Casey, RN, who has been a tireless advocate for patients with this condition. Cindy herself suffers from Morgellons, which has given her a unique perspective on the disease. The foundation works to raise awareness and secure funding for research, although this has proven to be a challenging task.
If you’re looking for more information, I highly recommend watching the YouTube documentary Skin Deep, which sheds light on the struggles Morgellons patients face in convincing traditional doctors that this disease is real. Some progress is being made in research, particularly by scientists at Oklahoma State University, but there’s still much more to learn.
Diagnosing Morgellons Disease: What You Should Know
At present, there is no definitive skin test to confirm Morgellons disease. However, we can visualize the colored fibers under a high-powered microscope. In some cases, the fibers seem to move when a patient holds a starchy substance, such as a potato, in their hand. This suggests that the fibers could be linked to organisms that feed on sugar, though this idea is still not scientifically proven.
Effective Treatment for Morgellons Disease
In my 20+ years of treating Morgellons disease, I’ve found that a comprehensive, multi-pronged approach works best. Although treatment can be lengthy, often taking months or even years, my patients have seen significant improvement with a combination of therapies.
1. Antibiotics and Antiparasitics
The right combination of antibiotics and antiparasitic medications is often crucial in treating Morgellons disease. Here are a few that have worked for many of my patients:
Doxycycline (combined with Methylene Blue)
Ivermectin and Albenza
Dapsone Skin Cream
2. Topical Treatments for Skin Lesions
Topical creams can be effective for reducing inflammation and helping to heal the skin lesions. Anti-inflammatory dietary changes are also important in managing the condition.
3. Detoxification
Detoxing the body can support overall healing. I recommend strategies like staying hydrated, sweating, and using gentle detox methods to help rid the body of toxins, including mycotoxins.
4. Nutritional Support
Nutritional support is essential in helping the body heal from Morgellons disease. Key supplements that I recommend include:
Probiotics
Vitamin D
Curcumin
MSM
Fish Oil
These nutrients help support the immune system, reduce inflammation, and promote skin healing.
Early Diagnosis and Treatment from Dr. Susan Marra
At this time, Dr. Marra is not accepting new patients with Morgellons disease. However, she is happy to refer you to trusted specialists experienced in treating this condition, like Ginger Savely, DNP.
If you are struggling with another chronic illness and are seeking integrative care, please don’t hesitate to contact us or call 206-299-2676. Together, we can create a personalized treatment plan to help you heal and regain your quality of life. Early diagnosis and personalized treatment are key to long-term healing and improved quality of life.
Disclaimer The information, including but not limited to, text, graphics, images and other material contained in these videos is for informational purposes only. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician before undertaking a new healthcare regimen, and never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have seen, read, or heard in these videos.
Oxalates are molecules found in certain foods such as spinach and cashews that are formed as the combination end product of several amino acids such as serine, glycine, and ascorbic acid, that can combine with calcium (a naturally occur ion in the blood also from food) in the blood to form calcium oxalate crystals. Foods that contain more than 100g of oxalates per serving include (but this IS NOT an exhaustive list):
Beets
Rhubarb
Brussels sprouts
Carrots
Spinach
Tofu
Rice Bran
Almonds
Snap Beans
Cashews
Soybeans
Quinoa
Blackberries
Blueberries
Figs
Plum
Raspberry
Tangerine
Sweet Potatoes
Eggplant
Kale
These oxalate crystals are needle shaped crystals called raphides. They are readily absorbed after ingestion, cannot be metabolized by mammals, and are largely eliminated through renal excretion. Calcium oxalate crystals get filtered by the glomeruli in the kidney unless they are large, and then they become “stuck” in the nephrons and form kidney stones, especially if you have the genetic propensity. Oxalates are toxic to the renal epithelial cells and can cause membrane injury. The common upper limit of normal for oxalate excretion is 45mg/day (0.5mmol/day). Chronic vitamin C oral use can also cause hyperoxaluria and kidney stones.
Kidney stones are EXTREMELY painful, and the symptoms associated with them are as following:
SEVERE and sudden onset pain on the abdomen sides or low back
Nausea
Vomiting
Fever
Chills
Blood in the urine
Cloudy urine
Small kidney stones can be passed in the urine, but larger ones greater than 9mm must be treated with lithotripsy (a procedure where a skilled physician blasts the stones into pieces for excretion, or surgery). The pain associated with kidney stones is very significant and usually requires pain management by the ER.
To check for oxalate crystals in the urine, you can have your doctor order a 24 hour urine oxalate test through Labcorp or Quest, and this will reveal urinary levels and the presence of toxicity.
Treatment for calcium oxalate crystals is largely dietary. You’ll need to go on a low oxalate diet, and read the book “Toxic Superfoods” by Sally Norton, MPH. She has some excellent information on how to change your diet if you are prone to kidney stones.
I was plagued by kidney stones 10 years ago from over eating spinach and cashews and the urologist NEVER told me to change my diet. After researching the subject, I found that you can lead a very normal life IF you curb your diet from high oxalate foods, and drink at least 64oz of water with electrolytes every day.
Professional Health Products has two supplements, Oxalate Scavenger, and Oxalate Balancer that contain nutrients such as: Calcium citrate, Magnesium orotate, vitamin B6 (P5P) or Calcium, Magnesium, and Zinc citrate with P5P which will bind the oxalate crystals.
Kidney stones are no fun and you can avoid them simply by being mindful with your diet. Find a list with high oxalate containing foods, and remove the top 10-15 of them completely from your diet and that should do the trick. Make sure you drink plenty of fresh water to cleanse the kidneys daily and you should be just fine.
Of note, it is my observation that patients with Bartonella are much more likely to develop kidney stones although to date, this is an anecdotal observation. I happen to be one of these patients.
Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (hEDS) is a genetic disorder that affects the body’s connective tissues, specifically collagen. Collagen is a crucial protein that provides structure and elasticity to skin, joints, blood vessels, and organs. In people with hEDS, a defect in collagen production results in weakened connective tissues, leading to a variety of symptoms, including hypermobile joints, fragile skin, joint pain, and easy bruising.
Dr. Marra is currently diagnosed with hEDS, which gives me a deep understanding and comprehension of its impacts on day-to-day life. It also enables the ability to diagnose it more accurately. Watch the Medical Minutes video below for a full breakdown of hEDS.
What is hEDS?
hEDS is one of 13 types of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS), a group of genetic disorders that involve abnormalities in collagen. Collagen is a key structural protein, and when it’s defective, it can affect the stability of the body’s connective tissues. In hEDS, individuals often experience hypermobile joints, which are joints that stretch beyond the normal range of motion and skin hyperelasticity, which means the skin is unusually stretchable and fragile. These abnormalities can lead to frequent joint dislocations, pain, bruising, and delayed wound healing due to abnormal collagen production.
Symptoms of hEDS
The symptoms of hEDS can vary widely but typically include:
Joint Hypermobility: An increased range of motion in the joints, which may cause pain, dislocations, and instability.
Chronic Pain: Due to overstretched ligaments and muscles, individuals often experience joint pain and frequent injuries.
Skin Fragility: The skin may be unusually elastic and prone to bruising and tearing.
Fatigue: Chronic fatigue is common, likely due to the strain on muscles and joints.
Abnormal Scarring: Due to defective collagen, scars from injuries or surgeries may heal poorly and be more prominent.
Frequent Bruising: Bruises may appear even with minimal trauma, as the skin’s fragility increases the likelihood of bruising.
Histamine Intolerance and hEDS
An interesting aspect of hEDS involves histamine intolerance, which can make symptoms worse. Histamine is a chemical involved in immune responses and inflammation. In people with hEDS who also have allergies or excessive histamine production, histamine can degrade collagen, worsening symptoms like joint pain and skin irritation. This can lead to flare-ups where pain, swelling, and fatigue are exacerbated. Managing histamine levels through diet, antihistamines, and avoiding allergens can help alleviate these flare-ups and improve overall symptom control.
Treatment and Management of Hypermobile EDS
Currently, there is no cure for hEDS, but the condition can be managed with supportive therapies. Treatment focuses on relieving pain, improving joint stability, and managing other symptoms.Early diagnosis and a tailored care plan are key to managing this condition effectively. Common treatment options include:
Physical Therapy (PT): Strengthening muscles around hypermobile joints helps stabilize them and reduce pain.
Strain-Counterstrain Therapy: This specialized technique helps alleviate muscle tension and reduce pain by positioning the body to relieve strain.
Pain Management: NSAIDs and other medications can be used to manage pain and inflammation.
Joint Protection: Splints, braces, and other devices can help protect hypermobile joints from injury.
Get Expert Care for hEDS: Schedule a Consultation with Dr. Susan Marra
If you or someone you know is struggling with hEDS or related connective tissue disorders, it’s important to seek specialized care. Dr. Susan Marra, an expert Naturopathic Doctor and Master of Science Psychology, offers comprehensive treatment options to help manage the symptoms of hEDS and improve your overall well-being. Dr. Marra combines the latest research with personalized care plans to address the unique needs of each patient. To learn more about Dr. Marra’s approach or to schedule a consultation, contact or call us to book an appointment. Take the first step toward a better quality of life with expert care tailored to your needs.
Dr. Susan Marra is a world-leading Lyme Literate Naturopathic doctor specializing in the treatment of vector-borne diseases (Lyme, Bartonella, Babesia, Relapsing Fever, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Tularemia, Q Fever, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Rickettsia Species), Neurodegenerative Diseases (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease), Post Covid, Long Covid, anti-aging, and environmental illness (mold).
Having trained with Dr. Richard Horowitz and Dr. Charles Ray Jones, Lyme disease experts on the East Coast, Dr. Marra is well qualified to manage and heal tick-borne disease.
DisclaimerThe information, including but not limited to, text, graphics, images and other material contained in these videos is for informational purposes only. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician before undertaking a new healthcare regimen, and never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have seen, read, or heard in these videos.
Lipopolysaccharides are large molecules composed of sugars and fats which are endotoxins found within a bacterial cell. LPS is secreted as part of the normal physiological activity of membrane vesicle trafficking and protects the membrane from certain chemical attacks. LPS activates the hosts’ immune response by stimulating white blood cells (i.e., neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells) to secrete certain enzymes that deactivate them. Additionally, these WBC’s secrete proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, and eicosanoids, and the resulting cellular response is the release of superoxide, a free radical that causes oxidative stress. This may function as an adaptive host strategy to manage the toxic effects of LPS.
LPS and inflammation may be the most important factors contributing to the varied clinical manifestations of infections, especially for tick-borne pathogens. Excessive release of LPS can lead to endotoxemia (septicemia) and requires immediate medical attention.
It is thought that lipooligosaccharides may cause autoimmune disease (i.e., multiple sclerosis) by a mechanism known as molecular mimicry. Many bacteria employ molecular mimicry strategies to fool the hosts’ immune systems.
Scientists believe that lingering LPS long after a bacterial infection has been eradicated may cause continued host immunosuppression and persistent symptoms. It has been proposed that if LPS is not removed, illness is likely to continue.
Cellular detox using German biological medicines and herbs can help reduce the effects of endotoxemia. Toxin binders such as apple pectin, chlorella, zeolite, charcoal, and Cholestyramine may also be useful.
Perhaps one of the oldest and most effective ways to cleanse the body is to fast or eat a solely plant-based diet. This may not be appropriate for all patients so it is best to discuss this with your physician.
For more information about Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and Endotoxins ask Dr. Marra during your next visit!
Tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) is a spirochetal infection caused by Borrelia hermsii, Borrelia miyamotoi, and several other less well-known bacterial species. Tick-borne relapsing fever is found in Africa, Spain, Saudi Arabia, Asia, Canada, and the western United States. Rodents are the primary reservoir and ticks are the likely vector for this disease. Tick-borne Relapsing Fever is best diagnosed by PCR testing.
Symptoms of TBRF include:
Fever
Malaise
Cognitive Dysfunction
Fatigue
Body Aches
Other transient and nebulous symptoms vary from patient to patient
Fungal Infections As Co-infections or Secondary Infections in Lyme Disease Patients Who Are Immunocompromised
As of 2018, recent research by Fry Laboratories in Scottsdale, Arizona, suggests that, at least in some patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and arthritis, the fungus may be the actual problem. This should come as no surprise because fungi, bacteria, and viruses have been coevolving on Earth and in hosts for millions and millions of years. Fungi are found throughout the environment and especially in soil, air, water, and in normal healthy people, they may not pose a problem. However, in patients who are immunocompromised, fungal infections can be VERY problematic.
Candida is a well-known yeast in the intestines that feeds on sugar and can become symptom-causing in patients who have a poor diet of carbohydrates and sugar. BUT…this is not the only fungus that immunocompromised patients are susceptible to. There are many other fungi that are disease-causing but diagnostic testing was severely lacking. Things have changed now. Fry Labs has a urine, blood, or stool DNA sequencing test that most insurance companies cover. Disease-causing fungi such as:
Entomophthoromycota – contains pathogens of insects
Ascomycota – parasitize mammals and cause systemic infection
Basidiomycota – airborne cells that can cause pneumonia
Aspergillus – causes pneumonia, sinusitis, and brain abscesses
Fusarium – spreads through the bloodstream and can cause skin infections
Mucorales – airborne and dangerous to patients with diabetes and uncontrolled blood sugar
These are simply a few of the fungal organisms that can be problematic to human health and fully recovering from Lyme Disease. But there is a test for these now and we can specifically identify them and treat them so that the total pathogen load on the immune system is reduced.
Without question, fungal infections can be treated by both herbs and/or anti-fungal medications, but you MUST know which infection(s) you have so that you can get on the right medication. Some natural antifungals include:
Caprylic Acid
Garlic
Oregano Oil
Neem
Cloves
Black Walnut
Cinnamon
Coconut Oil
Ginger
Some medications that treat fungal infections include:
Nystatin
Diflucan
Ketoconazole
Sporanox
Itraconazole
However, anti-fungal medications are typically hard on the liver and routine monthly blood tests to check for liver enzymes is a MUST. Pulsing anti-fungal medication is also a good idea.
Talk with Dr. Marra if you would like to be tested for fungus other than Candida through Fry Labs. You won’t be sorry that you did this test.
Ehrlichia chaffeensis (HME), Ehrlichia ewingii and Anaplasma phagocytophilum(HGE), are emerging zoonotic diseases, especially in areas where human urban living encroaches on endemic tick areas. These bacteria are largely found in mammals residing in the southeastern, south-central, and mid-Atlantic areas of the United States, and according to the CDC, most cases are reported in the states of Maryland, Arkansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Tennessee. Ehrlichia and Anaplasma bacteria have also been noted in Brazil, the United Kingdom, France, Slovenia, Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Russia, and Japan. However, similar to other tick-borne diseases, migratory birds probably play a significant role in disease spread around the globe, and these bacteria (HGE and HME) are likely found in other areas of the world not yet identifying and reporting the disease. Of note, Ehrlichia in particular is known to be a veterinary disease largely seen in horses and dogs.
Ehrlichia and Anaplasma are intracellular obligate bacteria that require a host for replication and a vector for transmission (i.e., ticks). Human signs and symptoms of these diseases are often not accompanied by a “Bullseye rash”, however, there may be redness and heat at the site of the tick bite. HME or HGE illness can occur quickly (depending on the number of bacteria delivered to the host at the bite site), or it can develop more slowly over time as the bacteria replicate and proliferate in the host. Generally, clinically presenting symptoms can include fever, stiff neck, joint pain, muscle aches, headache, chills, malaise, nausea, and diarrhea. Elevated serum liver enzymes including ALT and AST may also occur, lending clues to the underlying bacterial infection in question.
HGE and HME are serologically diagnosed using antibody titer tests or by using PCR (polymerase chain reaction) which demonstrates the presence of bacterial DNA in the blood and therefore exposure to the bacteria that cause Ehrlichiosis. Careful determination of these bacterial infections is important because the presence of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Brucella, Typhus, and Q fever (also zoonotic diseases) can cause false-positive serology for Ehrlichia.
Occasionally, these infections can require hospitalization, especially for pain management which results from the activation of acute and prolonged pro-inflammatory cytokine release and tissue damage due to the host’s immune system activation.
An integrated medicine treatment approach to Ehrlichia and Anaplasma infections, where a combination of immune-supportive herbs, anti-inflammatories, and antibiotics in rotation, are recommended and generally yield favorable outcomes. However, not unlike other tick-borne infections, when the infection(s) are diagnosed early (less than 12 months from the time of the tick bite) prior to dissemination throughout the body, a return to health is maximized.
In the next decade, cutting-edge research on genomics, proteomics, and the cellular microbiology of these bacterial infections is likely to reveal additional therapeutic agents (i.e., herbal, nutritional, and pharmacological). Future therapeutic interventions may focus on disengaging adhesin molecules that bind to white blood cells, which interfere with the replication and proliferation of these bacteria in the host. Around the world, more and more researchers are becoming interested in developing effective new therapeutics for eradicating these diseases.
Brucellosis is a zoonotic and tick-borne disease caused by the bacteria Brucella melitensis, and is an ancient disease, dating back to the 5th plague of Egypt around 1600 BC. Archeological excavation of Egyptian human bones dating around 750 BC demonstrated evidence of osteoarticular abnormalities that are often symptom complications from a Brucellosis infection. Brucella is found all over the world, especially in countries that rely heavily on agriculture, livestock, and dairy products such as Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the Middle East, and central Asia.
David Bruce was the first scientist to identify the bacteria Brucella melitensis in British soldiers stationed on Malta (an island in Italy) who developed severe fever leading to the name “Malta Fever” for this disease complex. In 1897, a Danish veterinarian, L.F. Bernhard Bang, discovered a bacterium in cattle and termed it “Bang’s Disease.” However, an American scientist, Alice Evans, famous for her work on pathogenic bacteria in dairy products, confirmed that Malta Fever and Bang’s Disease were caused by the same bacteria now known as Brucella melitensis. Alice Evans was largely responsible for instituting the pasteurization process of dairy products to prevent human disease in the United States.
To date, there are 9 species of Brucella, (5 are pathogenic to humans), and in 1990 it was discovered that Brucella was also found in marine mammals. Brucella species are facultative, intracellular, Gram-negative, coccobacilli, and nonmotile due to the lack of flagella. Sheep or goat’s milk consumption is a significant source of Brucellosis infection, so minimizing the natural animal reservoirs for this disease is important for curbing disease outbreaks.
Symptoms of Brucellosis include fever, night sweats with a strange odor, chills, weakness, malaise, insomnia, anorexia, headache, joint pain, constipation, nervousness, depression, and impotence. Many organ systems can be affected by Brucella infection including the: brain (encephalitis), heart (endocarditis), joints (arthritis), testes (orchitis), and prostate gland (prostatitis).
Mothers who are breastfeeding may transmit the infection to their infants and sexual transmission has also been reported in the scientific literature.
Diagnosis of Brucellosis is confirmed using antibody titer tests, IgM, and IgG which demonstrates exposure to the Brucella bacteria.
Integrated medicine treatment for Brucellosis including herbal and nutrient immune support coupled with antimicrobial herbs and antibiotics generally yields very positive outcomes. However, Brucella can have varied effects on individuals so the length of treatment time is variable.
If you have additional questions or concerns please contact our office.
Vector-borne bacterial infections such as Lyme disease can be a serious infection caused by Borrelia species, also known as a spirochete, which is transmitted via a tick bite (perhaps also flea and mosquito bites). Many strains of Borrelia exist, and some do not cause disease. Nonetheless, there are likely greater than 100 strains of pathogenic Borrelia and probably more as yet unidentified. Certainly, geographic strain differences exist, especially with regard to continents, as the disease-causing bacteria have also been documented in Europe, Australia, China, South America, and Africa. Lyme disease and co-infections are most probably ubiquitous and found on every continent in the world.
Below is a map showing the average risk of encountering Lyme disease-carrying ticks in central and Eastern Canada from the year 2000 compared to the year 2015: Lyme disease and other tick-borne illnesses can present as acute or chronic infection(s) depending on the length of exposure to the bacteria and the pathogen load at the time of infection. Often the infection(s) is treated with appropriate antibiotics, but at other times when persistent long-term infection ensues, treatment becomes more difficult. To complicate matters further, ticks carry other infectious bacteria in addition to Borrelia. They include Babesia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Bartonella, and Mycoplasma for certain, but there may be other bacteria, viruses, and fungi not yet identified that are problematic and disease-causing as well. Additionally, a tick bite may also transmit the newly identified HGRV retrovirus. However, to date, the latter infection has not yet been scientifically documented as a vector-borne disease.
More likely, the presence of Borrelia sets the stage for the invasion of opportunistic secondary infections (i.e., HHV6, EBV, Cytomegalovirus, Parvovirus B19, Chlamydia pneumonia, Candida) by lowering the overall host’s immune system function. This allows the proliferation of other infections that in effect overwhelm the body’s inherent immune defense mechanisms. Intestinal parasites such as hookworm, tapeworm, flukes, etc., may also contribute to intestinal illness seen in the tick-borne disease. Further discussion of this matter as it directly pertains to you will occur at your initial office visit.
Lyme disease is well known for variable symptom presentation which is one of the reasons it is so difficult to diagnose. Arthritis, Lupus, Multiple Sclerosis, ALS, Parkinson’s Disease, Crohn’s Disease, Irritable Bowel Disease, autoimmune diseases, a myriad of psychiatric disorders, and Autism are simply a few of the diagnoses where Lyme disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis. This is precisely why Lyme disease is known as the “Great Imitator” because the constellation of symptoms observed in a patient is likely to be confused with other diagnoses. Additionally, the incidence of Lyme disease and co-infections in the United States alone has been steadily escalating since the mid-1980s. Although Borrelia was first identified in 1975 by Dr. Willie Burgdorfer in Lyme, Connecticut, global recognition of the bacteria’s presence and severity remains elusive.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is considered the most serious tick-borne illness and is caused by the bacteria, Rickettsia rickettsii. It can be deadly if not treated with the proper combination of antibiotics and supplements. It was identified in the Rocky Mountains in the 1800s but is also found in Western Canada and parts of Central and South America.
It is primarily carried by the American dog tick, Rocky Mountain wood tick, and the brown dog ticks. Symptoms of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever include lacy rash, headaches, high fever, nausea, muscle pain, poor appetite, abdominal pain, joint pain, and conjunctivitis. Typically, the rash starts at the extremities and moves to the trunk as small, flat, pink non-itchy macules. The rash can involve the palms and soles of the feet.
Complications from the infection can occur, including cognitive deficits, ataxia, hemiparesis, blindness, deafness, or amputation.
Treatment for RMSF can include doxycycline, tetracycline, rifampin, and possibly fluoroquinolones. The treatment may last many months to avoid complications.
Louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF) is caused by the spirochete, Borrelia recurrentis, and is largely transmitted from person to person by lice. This bacterium is unique because it can alter the proteins expressed on its surface which causes the “relapsing” characteristic symptoms. It initially infects the mucus membranes and then moves into the bloodstream.
Q Fever is a vector-borne disease caused by the bacteria, Coxiella burnetii, and is found in cattle, sheep, goats, cats, and dogs. Humans can get infected by inhaling endospores, ingesting the milk, urine, or feces of an infected animal, or from a tick bite.
Patients with Q Fever generally develop fever, chills, fatigue, and muscle pain. If not treated properly, the infection can become chronic and require long-term antibiotic treatment, including doxycycline and Plaquenil.
It is thought to have been used as a biological weapon at one time. It is highly infectious, with as little as one organism needed to cause clinical infection, making it an attractive organism for use in biowarfare.
Bartonella, commonly known as cat scratch fever, is an infectious disease caused by a group of bacteria belonging to the Bartonella genus. Among the more than 20 known species of Bartonella, Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana are the most commonly linked to human infections. Cat scratch fever often results from the scratch or bite of an infected cat, which is why it is named after cats.
For a reliable Bartonella diagnosis, blood tests for antibodies can detect species like B. henselae and B. quintana, but newer testing methods like fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) now allow more accurate detection of various Bartonella species.Dr. Marra has been treating patients with since 1999 and has encountered numerous cases of patients with a positive Bartonella henselae serology test.
If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms that may be linked to Bartonella, it’s important to understand the full scope of this infection. Continue reading to learn more about how Bartonella affects the body and the steps you can take toward diagnosis, naturopathic medicine, and treatment.
Bartonella Prevalence: Where is Cat Scratch Fever Most Common?
Bartonellosis was first isolated in the early 1920s, and the prevalence of the infection varies geographically. The prevalence of Bartonella infection varies based on geographic location. Historically, Bartonella infections have been more common in warmer climates, particularly in areas with higher numbers of feral cats. However, changing global climate patterns may be influencing the distribution of the disease.
Infections are also known to affect certain groups, such as individuals with compromised immune systems, pets in households with infected cats, and people who work closely with animals.
How Bartonella Affects the Immune System: What You Need to Know
Bartonella infection can cause a range of symptoms. Common signs of the disease include:
Regional lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes)
Low-grade fever
Malaise and muscle aches
Joint pain
Chronic fatigue
In immunocompromised individuals, more severe symptoms like enlarged spleen (splenomegaly), endocarditis (heart valve infection), and even encephalitis (brain inflammation) can occur. Bartonella can also trigger bacillary angiomatosis or peliosis, which involves red streaks on the skin, resembling cat scratches.
Interestingly, Bartonella has a unique affinity for the vascular endothelium, meaning it clusters around blood vessels, utilizing nutrients in the bloodstream for survival. You can learn more about how Bartonella infection relates to metabolic syndromehere.
Bartonella Infections and Family Clustering: Why Some Are More At Risk
Clustering of Bartonella cases within families, particularly those who have adopted feral cats, is a phenomenon frequently observed. The risk of infection is often higher in households with multiple pets or a history of cat scratches or bites.
Because Bartonella can present with a variety of symptoms affecting different organ systems, it is essential to monitor for ocular, neurologic, dermatologic, hematologic, cardiac, renal, and pulmonary issues in individuals who might be at risk. Symptoms can vary not only by the patient but also within families.
Effective Treatment for Bartonella: Combating Cat Scratch Fever
Treatment for Bartonella typically requires a comprehensive approach that combines the following:
Antibiotics: The primary treatment for Bartonella infection.
Herbs and Supplements: Natural remedies to support immune function.
Immune Support: Boosting the body’s immune response through diet, exercise, and specific supplements.
Alkalized Diet: Maintaining a diet that helps balance the body’s pH levels for optimal health.
Effective management can vary from person to person, so consulting with a healthcare provider is crucial!
Take Action Now: Protect Yourself and Your Loved Ones from Bartonella
If you or a family member has been exposed to cats or have symptoms of cat scratch fever, it is important to seek timely medical advice. Bartonella infections can often be treated effectively when detected early. Dr. Marra also recommends that patients with Raynaud’s Syndrome or Scleroderma be tested for Bartonella henselae through the Igenex laboratory. The test must be conducted accurately to ensure it properly documents the presence of any infection.
To get personalized guidance and treatment for Bartonella or any other health concerns,contact Dr. Susan Marra or call today! Dr. Marra’s expertise can help you manage Bartonella infections and support your overall health. Don’t wait—take action for your health today!
Metabolic Syndrome is a collage of risk factors that are associated with an increased risk of stroke, type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and peripheral artery disease. About 30 million Americans suffer from the following symptoms:
Central abdominal obesity
Fasting glucose of greater than 100mg/dL
BP greater than 130/85
Low HDL
Fasting triglycerides greater than 150mg/dL
Risk factors for developing Metabolic Syndrome include:
Scleroderma and Bartonella… Is there a connection?
Dr. Marra has been treating patients with tick borne illness since 1999 in both Westport Connecticut and Seattle Washington. She has had two patients with severe Raynaud’s Syndrome, a Scleroderma diagnosis, and a positive Bartonella henselae serology test, one from each coast.
Dr. Marra does not think that this is a coincidence as Bartonella is known to reside in the vascular system along the inside of the vessel endothelium. She strongly suspects that Raynaud’s Syndrome and Scleroderma could have an infectious etiology that has been overlooked by the medical community because Bartonella is just now considered an emerging zoonotic infection. There is sparse scientific literature on Bartonella infection implications, and she would like to see more research done in this area.
To date, there is no literature indicating an infectious etiology for either Raynaud’s Syndrome or for Scleroderma. There is also very few treatment options offered to patients with these diagnoses. Typically they are left to suffer with these diseases, and Scleroderma can be extremely painful.
Dr. Marra suggests to any patients that have Raynaud’s Syndrome or Scleroderma to be tested for Bartonella henselae through IGeneX laboratory. It’s important that the test be done accurately so that tests document the presence of an infection. If an infection is present, prompt use of antimicrobial herbs or antibiotics is extremely important. It is also beneficial that herbs or antibiotics are taken just prior to a very hot shower so that the medicine can reach the peripheral tissue.
In both patients who were found to have a Bartonella infection, subsequent antibiotic therapy was initiated with substantial symptom relief. Better blood flow occurred and the pain and swelling in the fingers receded. Of course this is simply anecdotal evidence, but in the face of having no scientific articles to turn to, this may be a valuable clinical observation for patients with either Raynaud’s Syndrome or Scleroderma.
Babesiosis, often a co-infection of Lyme Disease in humans, was first identified by Victor Babes in the late 19th century in Romanian cattle and the disease at that time was coined “Red Water Fever.” However, Babesia infection in humans was not confirmed until 1956 in a Yugoslavian farmer.
Babesia is a protozoan intracellular red blood cell parasite quite similar to malaria and is a worldwide emerging zoonotic disease. There are about 100 known species of Babesia that infect livestock animals and rodents. However, the three currently known species causing human disease, B. microti, and B. duncani (formerly WA1 and first identified in Washington state but found throughout the United States), and Babesia divergens (found in Europe), are largely found in the northern hemisphere. The islands of Nantucket and Martha’s Vineyard on the eastern coast of Massachusetts, are considered endemic for Babesia species, however, migratory birds are likely to transport vectors of all tick-borne illnesses, which may account for the bacteria’s presence on the west coast as well. Currently, scientists believe that there may be additional human pathogenic species such as B. bigemina and B. bovis but further researcher is necessary for this area of infectious disease.
Babesia infection is transmitted through a tick bite or contaminated blood products, where sporozoites directly enter the bloodstream and infect red blood cells that contain a heme structure, where an iron molecule resides for oxygen binding purposes. Babesia interferes with red blood cell function, giving rise to common symptoms of night sweats, air hunger, shortness of breath, severe headaches, and often anemia of chronic disease. Serologically, low hemoglobin, hematocrit, and/or red blood cell count, as well as low ferritin and transferrin, may accompany this disease. Additionally, there are two confirmed human cases of maternal transplacental transmission in humans.
Laboratory testing for Babesia species can be difficult and serum antibodies, as well as fluorescent in situ hybridization techniques and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests, maximize the chances of documenting the presence of these bacteria. Additionally, infected hosts may have subclinical parasitemia which yields greater difficulty in laboratory detection. Babesia can also be observed in a Giemsa stain where the organism appears like a “Maltese cross.”
Since Babesia species are parasites, antiparasitic herbs and pharmacology are required to treat fulminant disease. The presence of these bacteria in an already infected Lyme patient or an immunocompromised or splenectomized (spleen removal) patient, can complicate treatment substantially. However, antimalarial medications are typically used and shed light on a wider variety of treatment choices for this infection, especially when coupled with Lyme Disease.
The last 20 years have been marked by the global proliferation of human Babesia infections, and suspicion for this disease should be considered whenever a tick bite has been noted, even if a Bullseye rash is not noted at the site of the bite. Babesia infection may be transmitted with or without Lyme Disease and it is not known to be associated with a Bullseye rash.
Contact our office for more information regarding this global emerging zoonotic disease for proper diagnosis treatment.
